Physiology Of Sleep

Physiology Of Sleep Physiology Of Sleep Introduction Sleep is a state of reversible unconsciousness in which the brain is low responsive to external stimuli. We are functionally blind during sleep with no response to visual stimuli and a decreased threshold of response to auditory stimuli. Babies have been exposed to sound of up to 100 dB, which is above the legal limit for ear protection for employees, without waking up. In adults, the action is selective demonstrating continuing cortical function. For example, a sleeping mother is woken by her crying baby but not by other louder noises. Definition of sleep and sleeping Phases with specific EEG patterns and physiological changes. Natural sleep is separated into two distinctive states: non rapid eye movement (N.R.E.M) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep is then further seperated into 4 stages where stage 1 is the lightest and stage 4 the deepest level of sleep. REM sleep is divided into phasic and tonic phases. The two distinctive states follow a regular pattern called a sleep cycle which, in an adult, lasts about 1 and half hours and comprises a period of N.R.E.M sleep followed by REM sleep. The cycles may be separated by a period of wakefulness and are repeated 3–6 times each night and are typically displayed as an hypnogram (Fig. 1). The majority of deep (stage 4) NREM sleep occurs in the first and second cycles. As the night progresses, the proportion of REM sleep in a cycle increases and the NREM element is of lighter stage 2 sleep. Age has a major effect on the duration of sleep and the ratio of NREM/REM sleep. Neonates sleep 16–18 h. It is widely distributed throughout the day with REM sleep accounting for 50% of total sleep time (TST). This may be even greater in premature babies. By the age of 24 months, children should sleep 10 h per day, mainly at night with one or two naps during the daytime and REM sleep has declined to 20–25% of TST. Adults normally sleep 6–8 h per day with 15–20% REM sleep. With increasing age, TST changes little although sleep is more fragmented with more frequent and longer awakenings (decreased sleep efficiency) with less REM sleep and more light NREM sleep. Night-time sleep may be decreased if naps are taken during the day. Functions of sleep The functions of sleep are still poorly understood. However, the observation that sleep (or, at  least, an activity–inactivity cycle) is present in all species and has been preserved throughout evolution and that sleep deprivation leads to a drastic deterioration in cognitive  function and eventually to mental and physical morbidity proves its importance. It has been suggested that sleep might conserve energy by reducing core temperature slightly and lowering metabolic rate by 10% compared with quiet wakefulness. Sleep would prevent perpetual activity as a response to environmental stimuli leading to excessive energy consumption. However, sleep is a state of starvation and there is no evidence that sleep is important for tissue repair. Sleep has been implicated as an important factor in storage of long-term memory. Facts learned during the day are usually better remembered the next morning whereas facts learned shortly before going to sleep are often poorly recalled. Electrophysiological features of sleep The stages of sleep are characterised by typical patterns of electroencephalogram (EEG), electro-myogram (EMG) and electro oculogram (EOG) activity Wakefulness with open eyes is characterised by an EEG with dominant low amplitude, high frequency beta activity of  16–25 Hz. Muscle tone is normally high with high to moderate EMG activity. Stage 1 Sleep is usually initiated by a transition from wakefulness to a state of drowsiness with closed eyes and a shift from EEG beta activity to alpha activity of 8–12 Hz passing to Stage 1  NREM sleep with a mixed frequency EEG-pattern with low amplitude theta waves of 3–7 Hz accompanied by slow rolling eye movements. Involuntary muscle clonus occurs frequently,  resulting in jerky movement of the whole body (hypnic jerks) and EMG activity is moderate-to-low. This stage lasts typically only 5–10 min, during which time minor auditory stimuli will cause arousal. Stage 2 Stage 2 is characterised by short bursts of high frequency activity (12–15 Hz – sleep spindles) and K-complexes (large amplitude biphasic waves). Bodily movements continue and  the EMG activity is low-to-moderate. This stage is generally short (10–20 min) in the first 1–2 cycles but predominates in later cycles. It is the most abundant sleep stage in adults  accounting for up to 50% of TST. Stages 3 and 4 Deep NREM sleep stages 3 and 4, sometimes combined as slow wave sleep (SWS) are characterized by high amplitude low frequency delta waves (> 75 µV and 0.5–2 Hz) with stage  3 having between 20–50% and stage 4 more than 50% delta activity. EMG activity is low and eye movements are rare. Arousal through auditory stimuli from this stage of sleep is  difficult and, if awakened, the individual is often disorientated and slow to react. Return to sleep is easy and short arousals (< 30 sec) are rarely remembered. REM sleep NREM sleep is followed by REM sleep, the proportion increasing with each cycle. REM sleep is characterised by a fast mixed frequency low voltage EEG with saw-tooth waves and  rapid eye movements on the EOG. During the tonic phases of REM sleep, there is marked reduction of muscle tone and EMGactivity in skeletal muscles. The tonic phases of REM sleep are interrupted by short episodes of phasic REM sleep with increased EMG activity and limb twitches. The atonia of REM sleep affects all skeletal muscles, except the diaphragm and the upper airway muscles, and is associated with hyperpolarisation of the ÃŽ ±-motor neurones. The purpose of this may be to prevent the acting out of dreams. About 10% of the population have experienced sleep paralysis (i.e. wakening from sleep and finding that the atonia has  persisted into wakefulness). It can be frightening but is entirely harmless. Natural wakening usually occurs from REM sleep. Subjects woken from REM sleep are much more likely to rec all dream content than those awakened from NREM sleep. NREM dreams are generally vague and formless in contrast to REM dreams. Physiological changes during sleep Respiratory system During NREM sleep, there is a decrease in respiratory drive and a reduction in the muscle tone of the upper airway leading to a 25% decrease in minute volume and alveolar ventilation and a doubling of airway resistance accompanied by a small (0.5 kPa) increase in  PaCO2 and decrease in PaO2. Hypercarbic and hypoxic ventilator drives are reduced compared with wakefulness. The breathing pattern is regular except at the transition from wakefulness into sleep when brief central apnoeas are common. During REM sleep there is a further decrease in hypercarbic and, particularly, hypoxic ventilatory drives. The breathing pattern is irregular especially during phasic REM sleep. The loss of skeletal muscle tone in REM sleep affects the intercostal and other muscles which stabilise the chest wall during inspiration. In infants, this may be seen as paradoxical movement of the rib cage and abdomen. In adults, there may be maldistribution of ventilation and impaired ventilation–perfusion matching with consequent arterial hypoxaemia. In normal subjects, this is unimportant but it may be very important in patients with chronic lung disease or abnormalities of the thoracic (e.g. kyphoscoliosis). The great majority of patients with impaired respiratory function will be at their worst during REM sleep. Cardiovascular system Blood pressure decreases during NREM and tonic REM sleep but may increase above waking values during phasic REM sleep. Cardiac output is generally decreased during all sleep  phases. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and the heart rate are both reduced during NREM and tonic REM sleep and increased during phasic REM sleep. Central nervous system Cerebral blood flow (CBF) increases by 50–100% above the level of resting wakefulness during tonic REM sleep and is even greater during phasic REM sleep. Cerebral metabolic rate, oxygen consumption and neuronal discharge rate are reduced during NREM sleep but increased above resting values during REM sleep. The autonomic nervous system shows a general decrease in sympathetic tone and an increase in parasympathetic tone,  except in phasic REM sleep. Renal system The glomerular filtration speed and filtration fraction are reduced and ADH secretion is increased resulting in a less volume concentrated urine. Endocrine system The secretion of several hormones is directly linked to the sleep/wake cycle. Melatonin is released from the pineal gland under the control of the supra-chiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in a 4–5h pulse, usually beginning at the onset of darkness (~9 pm). The pulse is inhibited or delayed by exposure to bright light in the evening. It is best regarded as being permissive of sleep (‘opening the gate to sleep’) rather than as an hypnotic, as it is possible to maintain wakefulness during this period. Growth hormone is mostly secreted during the first episode of SWS, particularly  during puberty. Prolactin concentrations also increase shortly after sleep onset and decrease with wakefulness. Sleep phase delay delays secretion of both of these hormones. The secretion of cortisol decreases with the onset of sleep and reaches a trough in the early hours of the morning and a peak just after waking. Temperature control In contrast to anaesthesia, thermoregulation is maintained during sleep. However, the shivering threshold is decreased and body core temperature decreases by about 0.5 °C in humans and 2 °C  in hibernating mammals. Body temperature is linked to the circadian rhythm and reaches its nadir at about 3 am. Thermoregulation is quite good in human infants compared with  other species. Control of sleep Sleep follows a circadian (~1 day) cycle, the periodicity of which is regulated by an independent genetically determined ‘intrinsic clock’ which is entrained to a 24 h cycle by external cues (Zeitgebers) such as light, darkness, clock time, working patterns and meal times. When a human being is deprived of all external time clues and is exposed to constant levels of illumination (‘free running’), the wake/sleep cycle typically lengthens to about 24.5 h. Subjects who are born blind without any appreciation of light generally free run while those blinded in later lifeor who retain some perception of light remain entrained. All living organisms, including plants and fungi, have been found to have clock genes and to show an inactivity/activity cycle. In mammals, control of the intrinsic clock is located in the SCN on either side of the third ventricle, just above the optical chiasm. In animal experiments, its destruction leads to a change from the normal sleep cycle into several shorter sleep/activity periods during the day. As noted above, melatonin secretion is  prompted by the SCN just before the usual time of sleep onset. A mismatch of this pattern with sleeping time, as occurs in shift workers and after trans-meridian flights, leads to sleep disturbance (‘jet lag’) as the subject is trying to sleep during their circadian day. Light therapy can be helpful in re-setting the circadian clock and the interested reader is referred to the bibliography. The propensity to fall asleep varies throughout the day and depends upon both circadian factors (process C) and time since the last sleep period (process S). The longer the time since the  last sleep period, the greater will be process S. However, its propensity will be modulated by process C. The circadian pressure to sleep is greatest at ~2 am with a secondary peak at ~2 pm. It is least at ~6 am and ~6 pm. If a subject elects to stay awake throughout the night, they will feel most sleepy in the small hours of the morning but will get a ‘second wind’ as morning approaches and the circadian pressure to sleep declines. If wakefulness is maintained, a second period of sleepiness and relative alertness will follow in early afternoon and early evening, respectively. Some of the 8-h sleep debt will be recovered that night but process C will ensure that awakening will occur at or shortly after the normal waking time. Sleep is normally an actively initiated and not a passive process. Unless a subject is sleep deprived, successful initiation of sleep depends both upon the phase of the circadian clock and  external factors (recumbent position, darkness, reducing sensory input). Over the years, considerable effort has been focused on a search for: (i) a ‘sleep centre’, a nucleus or region in the brain where stimulation or ablation would lead to sleep; and (ii) a hormone or transmitter which would reliably induce sleep. Neither have been found because the mechanisms resulting in sleep are complex and diffuse. During wakefulness, the CNS is dominated by activity of the ascending reticular activating system (RAS) in the brain stem. This formation receives sensory input from all peripheral sensors and projects to the thalamus and the cortex. Its main neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine and histamine which explains the sedative effect of antagonists to these  substances. A decrease in its activity permits sleep to be initiated by suppressing incoming external stimuli. The induction of SWS is associated with the secretion of ÃŽ ³-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from basal forebrain neurones. Therefore, it is not surprising that benzodiazepines and barbiturates, which act through stimulation of GABA receptors in the CNS, induce sleep or anaesthesia. Cholinergic mechanisms initiate REM sleep through stimulation of pontine neurones in the  lateral portion of the pontine tegmentum and the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. In animal experiments, injection of carbachol (acetylcholine agonist) induces instantaneous REM sleep. Recently, orexins (hypocretin) have been isolated in the hypothalamus and appear to be important in the control of REM sleep and appetite. CSF concentrations of orexins have been found to be very low in patients with narcolepsy. Influence of surgery and anaesthesia on sleep Anaesthesia and surgery can have a profound effect upon sleep. On the first night after surgery, sleep architecture is severely disrupted with little or no SWS and REM sleep. The  light Stage 2 sleep is fragmented with frequent awakenings. The degree of disruption appears to be related to the severity of the surgical insult. The mechanism is unclear but it is probably due to a combination of the surgical stress and the effects of opioid analgesics. Recovery of lost SWS and REM sleep occurs on postoperative nights 2–5, being later after major surgery. This coincides with the nadir of postoperative pulmonary function and several  studies have demonstrated marked hypoxaemia associated with the rebound of REM sleep. It was a logical step to attribute postoperative myocardial ischaemia, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and cerebral disorder (delirium and cognitive impairment) to nocturnal hypoxaemia. However, a number of studies have failed to confirm these presumed associations,  although this does not exclude the possibility that the hypoxaemia may be important in some individuals. Key references Ambrosini MV, Giuditta B. Learning and sleep: the sequential hypothesis. Sleep Med Rev2001;5: 477–90 Dijk DJ, Lockley SW. Functional genomics of sleep and circadian rhythm: integration of human sleep-wake regulation and circadian rhythmicity.J Appl Physiol 2002;92: 852–62 Douglas N.Clinician’s Guide to Sleep Medicine. Edinburgh:Arnold, 2002   Ebrahim IO et al. The hypocretin/orexin system. J R Soc Med 2002;95: 227–30 Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC. (eds) Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: 2000. Nicolau MC et al.Why we sleep: the evolutionary pathway to the mammalian sleep pattern.Prog Neurobiol2000;62: 379–406 Saper CB, Chou TC, Scammell TE.The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness.Trends Neurosci2001;24: 726–31 Shneerson JM.Handbook of Sleep Medicine. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000 Williams JM, Hanning CD. Obstructive sleep apnoea,BJA CEPD Rev2003; 3: 75–78

Looking for a hotel where kids are welcome? :: Essays Papers

Looking for a hotel where kids are welcome? GRAPH The well-known comic The Family Circus by Bil Keane, which is run in over 1500 newspapers, shows the hectic life of an American family, giving meaning to the saying, "Kids will be kids." It is based on the actual life of Bil Keane’s family and his experiences as a child. The most commonly noted features of his comic are the circular shape he often encloses the pictures in, and the dotted line that follows the children around, giving away their every move. Many other cartoonists try to capture the Family Circus mood by incorporating these features into their own works. GRAPH The Wyndham Hotels & Resorts advertisement uses this technique to show the path your child may take around the room of a hotel, where there is nothing else for them to do. It describes the creative and active characteristics of children, who require near constant entertainment that keeps them busy and uses their developing mind. At Wyndham hotels, they understand that keeping your children entertained is a challenging task for you, the parent, which is why they provide an activity package for your kids. The disapproving glare from behind the desk that is sometimes given to parents as they walk into a nice hotel with their three young children is often mirrored to pet-owners, which I can relate to. This gives you a feeling of insecurity and makes you feel unwelcome. I know I appreciate when the hotel at which I am planning to stay has a special feature for pets because then I know not only am I welcome, but that they also welcome my dog. The feeling is similar with parents wanting their children to be welcome. You know from watching Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. with your kids, how much they love Spongebob Squarepants. Moreover, you know that sleepovers are fun. Wyndham Hotels & Resorts also know this, which is why they are advertising this Spongebob Squarepants sleepover party package.

Benifits of Academic Globalization Essay

2. Introduction: Globalization is one of the most discussed issues nowadays. It has several branches which vary from economic, cultural, academic, and industrial and many more. However, the one that is increasing at a very high rate is academic globalization. Since academic globalization includes the act of studying abroad, it can be defined as is the act of traveling of students to study in a country other than the mother one. Nowadays, students are getting many Academic Globalization l 3 opportunities to study abroad, in addition to other reasons, which is why they are studying outside their home countries. â€Å"He [Wiladavsky] stated that 3 million students are now studying outside their home countries, a 57% increase from 2000† (Apurvadesai, 2010, p. 1). These numbers show the tremendous increase in movement of students around the world. Academic globalization has become one of the most debatable issues. People who are against it believe that once the students graduate and see many opportunities to work abroad they would not come back. On the other hand, people who are with it believe that it provides the students with better education and higher experience. In fact, academic globalization can be beneficial in several ways. 3. Literature review: Apurvadesia (2010), comments on the discussion of the World Affairs council which focuses on the rise of academic globalization. According to Wiladavsky, who was among the speakers, there is an increase in the movement of students around the world. Moreover, he discussed the concept of global ranking that motivates students to work and study harder to reach their goals and become part of the top class. In addition to that, Apurvadesia states that the idea of brain drain is actually brain circulation. Wiladavsky (2010), argues that countries should not be afraid from globalization. On the contrary, Wiladavsky tries to shed the light on the benefits of academic globalization. He believes that it helps in expanding knowledge and in trading of minds. Moreover, Wiladavsky tries to shed the light on the opposing point of view and give reasons behind the fear of globalization. Academic Globalization l 4 Wiladavsky (2010), focuses on why colleges should support globalization. Wiladavsky argues by believing that globalization of higher education helps in identifying talents. Moreover, he believes that successful competition is achieved by higher education. Goodman(2013), argues that Americans should study abroad in order to get  international experience. Moreover, he believes that student would appreciate difference and diversity through meeting new people. In addition to that, he considers that by interacting with people from different countries, students would be trained to all sectors of leaders. 4. Better education: One of the main reasons why academic globalization is beneficial is by offering a better education for the students. This is due to the fact that more opportunities and better experience are provided. 4. 1 More opportunities: Students get better education by having a wide variety of majors to choose where they fit. Some countries lack majors which are  available in others and thus, instead of doing a major that they are not interested in, they have the opportunity to study abroad the major they always dreamt of. For example, in Lebanon, petroleum engineering is not available; however, some students are interested in such a major. So instead of looking for another major to study, they can simply apply in another country which includes such majors. Moreover, a master degree is another opportunity provided in some countries and deprived in others. In developed countries such as USA or Europe, the master degree offered provides the students with better credentials. Students  Academic Globalization l 5 would be more knowledgeable and updated to recent discoveries. A student having a BS degree has less opportunity than a student having a master degree when applying a certain job especially, if the master degree was from a country offering a higher education. 4. 2 More experience: Another reason why students are provided with a better education is the high experience they get. The concept of brain circulation applies here, where students get different degrees from different countries. † A student may leave China, go to Singapore for an undergraduate degree, then to US for a Master’s degree, then  Australia to work for a couple of years, then back to China for a job with a multi-national company†(Apurvadesai, 2010,p. 2). In this example, Apurvadesai describes how having the opportunity to study in different countries provides the student with the higher experience and characteristics required for a job in a multi-national company. Moreover, living in a different country, having different culture, language, habits and lifestyle, increase experience. When students travel, they try to accommodate with the changes around them. This process provides them with higher experience when it comes to dealing with other countries. In addition to that, students will be provided with better communication skills. They would learn to speak new languages fluently due to practice and would be familiar with the demand of other countries. In this way, if there was a foreign customer, Academic Globalization l 6 the student will directly provide him/her with the service he/she is more likely to be interested in. 5. Expands global knowledge: Another reason why academic globalization is beneficial is that it helps in expanding knowledge across the world. This is achieved by discovering new talents. Some countries are deprived from a variety of domains. On the contrary,  when students travel to encounter their education, they would be exposed to a wide selection of domains. In this way, students would be able to discover new talents in them and introduce it to their local country. Moreover, academic globalization promotes the sharing of information between countries. When students get their education in a foreign country, they would be introduced to new concepts, studies and researches. People against academic globalization argue that the country offering the higher education takes away from the learning of the native country. However, introducing new concepts is not bad to other countries. In fact, as RAND economist James Hosek told the Cronicle of Higher Education that â€Å"When new knowledge is created, it is a public good and can be used by many†(Wiladavsky, 2010, p. 3). When students return back to their countries, they would share the knowledge they acquired and help in developing their nations. 6. Conclusion: In conclusion, academic globalization is a trend that is increasing at a very high rate. It is a one of the most debatable issues in the society. Some people are with it and think it is beneficial, while others are against it and think it is harmful. However, it can be beneficial in several ways. It provides better education for Academic Globalization l 7 students through having more experiences and opportunities. Moreover, academic globalization promotes global knowledge between different countries leading to the free trade of mind. In fact, people should support academic globalization to develop the whole world. 7. References: Apurvadesai. (May 15, 2010). Academic Globalization- The Emergence of International Universities. In Reading, Writing and Reflecting. Retrieved from http://apurvadesai. com/2010/05/15/academic-globalization-the-emergence -of-international-universities/ Goodman, A. E. , Berdan, S. N. (October 17, 2013). A Year Abroad vs. a Year Wasted. In The New York Times. Retrieved from, http://www. nytimes. com/roomfordebate/2013/10/17/should-more-american s-study-abroad/every-student-should-study-abroad Wildavsky, B. (January 5, 2010). Academic Globalization Should Be Welcomed. Not Feared. In Brookings. Retrieved from, http://brookings. edu/research/articles/2010/01/15- globalization-wildavsky. Wildavsky, B. (April 4, 2010). Why Colleges Shouldn’t Fear Global Competition. In The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from, http://chronicle. com/article/The-Global-Benefits-of/64932/. Academic Globalization l 8

Queen Of Katwe A Reflection And Comparison - 1003 Words

Queen of Katwe: A Reflection and Comparison Poverty. Sickness. Poor education. The people in the movie Queen of Katwe live a hard life, yet they are still happy and hard working. This movie has many important morals in it, but the one most important to the story line would be about overcoming obstacles. â€Å"In chess, the small one can become the big one. That’s why I like it.† This quote is about chess, but it applies to our lives too. Growing up is all about overcoming obstacles, and the characters in the movie faced many difficulties. Phiona, for example, overcomes the obstacle of the children s taunts when she first goes to a chess meeting. She goes back again and again and perseveres to get the practice she needs, and eventually becomes†¦show more content†¦Another similarity would be that the children really value the opportunities available to them. I really appreciate the christian school and the sports that are an option for me, because those things aren’t accessible to everyone, just l ike how Phiona and the other kids all value the game of chess and any education they can get. Even in vastly different situations there are always ways people can relate to one another and show their worldviews. The elements of worldview all bring up differences between the worldviews and ways of life in Uganda compared to here in Canada. Geography, time, knowledge, economy, society, and beliefs and values; Each of them are important in shaping our perspectives. The danger at night, hair cut short to avoid disease, and terrible floods are examples of geographical things that could make Phiona’s worldview different from mine. An important display of time throughout the movie is Phiona’s happiness. Near the beginning of the movie, a neighbor asks how her life is going, and she replies that it is fine. But after losing one of her tournaments she comes home and lays in bed, depressed. She does not respond when asked again how she is. After introducing the game of chess to her worldview, Phiona finds she is unhappy when she does not play it anymore. Eventually she plays again, and when she wins the championship, she is overjoyed. â€Å"Losses happen to everyone. But then we reset the pieces and

Literary Analysis of A Pair Of Tickets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1458 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? The Army Tan’s is popularly known as the 1998 novel, The Joy Luck Club’ which comprises of several short stories. A Pair of Tickets emerges as the final story in the novel. Initially, Jing-Mei was not aware of her identity until when she goes on a trip to China and acquires the story about her mother’s past. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Literary Analysis of A Pair Of Tickets" essay for you Create order The desire to meet her sisters on her mother’s side developed intensively. The story opens up the moment Jing-Mei feels that she is pretty a Chinese, I think, my mother was right (Tan, 267). I am becoming Chinese The paper analyses the themes, characterization, and features of styles used in the A Pair of Tickets. Jing-Mei has the feelings that she is a Chinese. At first, they are on the train with her father, Canning Woo who was at the age of seventy-two. They were both weeping after receiving a letter from her twin sisters about their mother’s death. The twin daughters belonged to Suyuan in her first marriage. In 1944, she forced the two children aside of the road (Tan, 268).   Canning Woo tells Auntie Lindo to write a letter back to the twin girls to inform them that their mother had already died. However, the message was taken to the Joy Luck Club by Auntie Lindo accompanied by women singing Suyuan Woo. Afterward, Jing-Mei admits being one of her half-sisters about the death of their mother. She later asked Auntie Lindo to write a letter to her sisters to inform them that their mother was dead (Tan, 269-271). The reunion of the family is emotional. In the end, a tedious and a tiresome journey from America, they Jing-Mei, and her father arrived in China. They were warmly welcomed by Cannings great-aunt. Moreover, other family members also joined them. Her desire to the family a member is clearly expressed when she started taking photographs with her Polaroid camera. They decided to rent an expensive hotel contrary to Jing-Mei’s expectations. In the story, Jing-Mei is portrayed as an anxious character. While still, they were in the hotel, she was ready to enjoy the Chinese dish. The native-born Chinese decides to take meal including hamburgers, French fries as well as apple pie à   la mode. The incidence shows her anxious nature (Tan, 278). Canning explaining the meaning of the names was symbolic. In the late night, Canning decided to teach about Chinese culture. It is important for a reader to know the meaning of names used in the story to comprehend the Chinese culture. The meaning of names is momentous to pick up the sacred relationship that existed between Suyuan and her daughters Jing-Mei, Chwun Yu and Chwun Hwa. He started off by explaining the meaning of her wife’s name who was already dead. He explained that the name had two meanings. The first definition meant Long-Cherished Wish, and the other meaning was Long-Held Grudge. Moreover, he explained that Jing-Mei’s name meant pure essence or excellent. Her second name Mei meant little sister. This means that Jing-Mei was of the essence to her two sisters. On the other hand, Chwun meant spring and Yu meant rain, a name given to the first born. The name Hwa’’ in Chinese history meant flower (Tan, 281).This ideological order of deaths sign ifies the sequence of birth since rain comes before flower The explanation says that twins daughters would be inseparable. Canning explains about the history of his wife to her daughters. He described how Suyuan abandoned the half-sisters to Jing-Mei. She walked a long journey for about three days trying to escape from Japanese invasion. By then, she was carrying her three girls in her arms. She began to bleed the weight of her daughters since they were too heavy for her. She fell along the roadside because she was in a delirious pain. No one wanted to take her babies. The moment she saw there was no any other option; she decided to leave her family behind to look if she can manage to find something for them to eat (Tan, 282). Suyuan left her children in a devastating condition. However, she placed a satiated jewelry under the shirt of one of her daughters and some money in the other. Moreover, she left a note as well as family pictures before living her babies. She fainted along the way and later woke up only to find herself in a truck full of sick people who were being tended by the American missionaries. The moment she arrived at Chungking, she noted that her husband was already dead. It is in this instance when he meets with her while still in the hospital (Tan, 283). Luckily, the babies were taken by a peasant couple. The old couple raised the girls as their own.   When the girls were at the age of eight years, the adoptive parents tried their best locate their parents. The foster parents tried their best to find the email address of the children’s marital home. However, by then, the home was a factory. Both Suyuan and Canning tried to find the girls, but their efforts did not bear any fruits. In 1949, they migrated to America, but Suyuan still retained the hope that once he will locate her daughters (Tan, 199). The theme of appearance and reality is exemplified I n Tan’s life. The end part of the novel ends up with a real-life experience from Tan. In 1987, Tan decided to take a visit to her half-sisters in China. At the same time, her mother was in a bad heart condition. Tan had a great desire to know about her heritage when her mother was still alive. During the trip venture, Tan decided to ask her mother about her origin. She answered the question about 1989 interview that was in the New York Times. From that instance, Tan explains felt a sense of completeness, like having a mother and a father (Tan, 94).The incident seems to be true when she explained that There was something about this country that I belonged to. I found something about myself that I never knew there (Tan, 94).The incidence shows the similarity that existed between Tan’s and Jing-Mei’s life. Jing-Mei had conflicts that she was forced to resolve. When she was at the age of thirty-six years, her mother died. Moreover, she was not aware that she had step sisters in China. Neither of her parents had ever explained about her real identity.   The foster parents who brought up the twin children were trying to locate their birth parents with the aim of reuniting the family. Canning asked Auntie Lindo to write a letter to the twins in China to inform them that their mother was dead (Tan, 269-271). Moreover, there was no member of the family could explain to her about her identity since all her family members had lost their lives in the war. One the other hand, she is forced to decide whether she was unable to identify where she was a Chinese or an American (Tan, 259). However, she is aware of her identity when her father gave her and her step twin sisters a Polaroid photograph. She noticed that they resembled their mother. Moreover, there is an instance of irony. In the story, the reader grasps that Jing-Mei became as her mother yet she was not aware about it.   Just as her mother, she likes getting similar services worth her money. She was furious about their hotel booking, and she refers to it as a mistake. She explains I had explicitly instructed my travel agent to choose something inexpensive, in the thirty-to-forty-dollar range. Im sure of this’’ Her mother had the same experience when she was dealing with recalcitrant occupants or the native fish traders (Tan, 76-78). In the story, Jing-Mei is described as a furious character. She explains her feelings in an angry manner when she says, Well, our travel agent had better be prepared to eat the extra, thats all I have to say (Tan, 222).Moreover, she could not tolerate the services offered in the Chinese hotel which was hired by her family members. The character trait also serves as a theme of change in the story. As the points discussed above suggest, Jing-Mei is not aware of her real identity. She is in the state of personal conflict since she could not determine whether she was a Chinese or an American. She remains in this state until their trip to China where her father decided to tell Jing-Mei and her step sisters about their real identity. Moreover, Jing-Mei accrues her true identity as a Chinese when her father gave them a Polaroid photograph notices that they were alike with their mother. Thus, she determines that her real origin was in China.

Tay Sachs Disease Disease - 1604 Words

The case study stated above depicts a disease called Tay Sachs disease. This rare inherited disease involves a progressive destroying of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The most common form of Tay Sachs disease becomes apparent in infancy (Goldberg). The major symptoms of this disease are lipid accumulation in brain cells, mental deficiencies, blindness, and death in childhood. Tay Sachs is commonly found in Jews from central Europe and there is a 1 in 3500 chance of it occurring. Other places where the mutations are common are in certain French-Canadian communities of Quebec, the Old Order Amish community in Pennsylvania, and the Cajun population of Louisiana (Goldberg). The general prognosis is that even with the best of care,†¦show more content†¦Nitrogenous bases can either be A, G, C, or T. These letters are significant because when they are put into certain orders, form different instructions and form different sets of rules. A stands for adenine, G stands fo r guanine, C stands for cytosine, and T stands for thymine. All of these nucleotides make up the double helix that is the main structure of DNA. A mutation is a natural process that changes and substitutes a DNA’s sequence of codons and bases. The order of the codons is crucial because, as stated above, directly relate to the instructions that are written for specific parts of the human. The most common form of a mutation is a single base being substituted for another. But mutations are not always negative. Mutation generates new variations that can give an individual a survival advantage (Health Sciences). A healthy gene is different from a mutated gene because a healthy gene has information that fits in the specific human body. A mutated gene is a gene that has information that is distorted, and will contribute differently during the process if creating a human. As an example, during protein synthesis, there can be point mutations, which leads to deformed red blood cells in sickle cell disease. In Tay Sachs disease, the mutated gene leads to raised toxic levels in the spinal cord and the brain (Health Sciences). Overall, the idea of the structure of DNA and the idea of mutations help to explain genetic disorders because both are involved in making

Did the Changes Between 1750 to 1900 Make People’s Lives Better Essay Sample free essay sample

The industrial revolution was a period of great alteration for the full universe. As the name suggests the industrial revolution is when the universe became more revolutionized. This brought upon many alterations to the universe. the manner we used it. and the manner we viewed it. Many technological promotions were made during the industrial revolution. many of them which made our lives easier. but when sing this inquiry you have to recognize all the effects caused by these new innovations. Inventions such as the auto. We could travel to topographic points faster in them but they besides made going by Equus caballus obsolete and it is considered one of the largest causes of planetary heating today. In my essay I will seek to analyze whether these alterations made our lives better or non from both sides of the statement and come to a decision at the terminal of this essay One of the biggest grounds that say it did do people’s lives better was that these new promotions made our lives easier and improved our criterion of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Did the Changes Between 1750 to 1900 Make People’s Lives Better? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In most good workss they about ever besides have something negative attached to them. and these new promotions were no exclusion. As pointed out by my old illustration of the auto these did in fact make our lives easier. Cars allow us travel topographic points faster and Cranes allow us construct edifices higher. Most of these new innovations were made for convenience and hence increase the easiness at which we do things and hence better our quality of life. The innovations coupled with a demand for them combined with the innovation of the new mill system created a myriad of occupations for people and changed the manner we lived our lives. Peoples were doing more money and the innovations didn’t stop development. So on the surface these new innovations were good and decidedly did do peoples lives better. On the surface these words are qualitatively good and they brought upon nil bad. this of class is false. The drastic alteration in the manner we live our lives and the manner we make money created as many jobs as the comfortss it gave us. Agriculture decidedly suffered when those who had farmed for coeva lss left to the metropolis to happen different occupation chances. Farming was no longer the criterion of life any longer and rural workers such as husbandmans and fishermen lived a 3rd category life. although they besides could buy many of the points produced by the mills. The people that suffered the most from the new system likely were non the few agricultural workers who remained but instead those who didn’t. A little fraction of the people who left to obtain occupations in the metropolis made a big betterment on their lives. When most of the people left to work in the metropoliss they had non anticipated that 1000000s of other people would hold the same thought and would besides flock into a metropolis built to be inhabited by 1000s of people but be inhabited by 1000000s. Many of the peoples criterion of populating really decreased because of 2 factors. The first were the occupations they had and the second was the places they had. Before the brotherhoods were created to continue the rights of workers the degree of the mills they worked at were rather low. Few of the people worked at occupations where they were given a endurable work burden that equaled the amount of many they were having as a salary. Many of them lived in bunchs with tonss of other workers inside a individual room Attic or cellar that more frequently than non lacked a lavatory. Although these new lives these former husbandmans led evidently had a big sum of negativeness to travel with it. it could be argued that when the good was weighed with the bad the good was greater. The people who lived in these basements in an insanitary environment tonss of other people and a few rats would go the rich of the hereafter. The kids of these people may take the same lives but their kids or their children’s kids could take lives of glamor inside a house that the rich of a century ago would be covetous of. There is a batch to be said about how the industrial revolution decreased the quality of life and how it improved it. It would take more than 45 proceedingss to compose down all my statements for it and more than a hebdomad to compose down all the statements for it. The industrial revolution destroyed the lives people used to hold and replaced it with a new one filled with chances and uncertainnesss. I hope that I have given you adequate information to come to yo ur ain decision about the subject but in my sentiment it was a combination of both. For most of the workers who migrated to the metropolis to happen a better life the quality of their lives likely had increased adversity and small betterment. But for the universe around it and for the universe that has yet to come It created a better universe with a great quality of life.